From icons and onion domes to suprematism and the Stalin baroque, Russian art seems to many visitors to Russia to be
a rather baffling array of exotic forms and alien sensibilities. Without any sense of the rich tradition of Russian culture,
an appreciation of the country's enormous artistic wealth becomes a game of historical anecdote--"the church where so-and-so took
refuge from what's-his-name"--or a meaningless collection of aesthetic baubles--"I like the blue domes the best." In fact, Russian art
and architecture are not nearly so difficult to understand as many people think, and knowing even a little bit about why they look the way they do
and what they mean brings to life the culture and personality of the entire country.
ICONS
The tradition of icon painting was inherited by the Russians from Byzantium, where it began as an offshoot of the mosaic and fresco tradition
of early Byzantine churches. During the 8th and 9th centuries, the iconoclasm controversy in the Orthodox church called into question whether
religious images were a legitimate practice or sacrilegious idolatry. Although the use of images wasn't banned, it did prompt a thorough appreciation
of the difference between art intended to depict reality and art designed for spiritual contemplation. That difference is one of the reasons that the
artistic style of icons can seem so invariant. Certain kinds of balance and harmony became established as reflections of divinity, and as such
they invited careful reproduction and subtle refinement rather than striking novelty.
Although this philosophy resulted in a comparatively slow evolution of style, icon painting evolved considerably over the centuries.
During the 14th century in particular, icon painting in Russia took on a much greater degree of subjectivity and personal expression.
The most notable figure in this change was Andrey Rublyov, whose works can be viewed in both the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow
and the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg.
Unlike the pictorial tradition that westerners have become accustomed to, the Russian icon tradition is not about the representation of physical space
or appearance. Icons are images intended to aid contemplative prayer, and in that sense they're more concerned with conveying meditative harmony
than with laying out a realistic scene. Rather than sizing up the figure in an icon by judging its distortion level, take a look at the way the lines
that compose the figure are arranged and balanced, the way they move your eye around. If you get the sense that the figures are a little haunting,
that's good. They weren't painted to be charming but to inspire reflection and self-examination. If you feel as if you have to stand and appreciate
every icon you see, you aren't going to enjoy any of them. Try instead to take a little more time with just one or two, not examining their every
detail but simply enjoying a few moments of thought as your eye takes its own course.
The best collections of icons are to be found in the Tretyakov Gallery and The Russian Museum, though of course
many Russian churches have preserved or restored their traditional works.
THE GREAT EXPERIMENT
The rising influence of European culture in Russia during the 17th and 18th centuries brought Russian artwork closer to the familiar traditions of western painting.
It wasn't until the end of the 19th century that the next great body of uniquely Russian artistic styles arose, having developed in conjunction
with liberal forces of social reform. This modern movement took many different directions almost from its inception, and it would be impossible
to describe all of them. However, even a very general acquaintance with their common ideas and interests makes their work much more accessible.
From the start, the modern art movement was concerned with breaking away from the classical tradition and creating a new kind of art
that was intimately engaged with the daily life of Russian society. It developed a renewed interest in traditional Russian art forms,
including both decorative folk art and, of course, icon painting. From decorative art it gained an appreciation of the power of abstract geometrical patterns--lines,
shapes, and color were used to construct rhythms and energetic forms, not necessarily to depict objects or actual spaces.
The re-examination of icon painting made painters more aware of the power of a flat, two-dimensional visual perspective.
In other words, they realized that they could treat the canvas like a canvas, rather than trying to give the impression that it was a window into a space.
From the end of the nineteenth century until about 1910, the modern art movement remained most interested in traditional aspects of Russian life--religion
and village life were as influential as the life of the great cities. As the forces of social reform became more closely linked to the rising population
of industrial workers, Russia's avant-garde artists turned increasingly to the factory and the frenetic pace of urban life for inspiration.
Brilliant colours, simplified and sharply angular forms, and an emphasis on the liberatory energy of the modern world became the basis for new
and increasingly abstract compositions. Cubo-Futurism, Rayonnism and Suprematism were the most important of the styles and schools
that emerged during this time. Among their most prominent artists were Kasimir Malevich, Vladimir Tatlin, Mikhail Larionov, and Anna Goncharova.
After the 1917 Revolution, the Russian Avant-Garde leapt into the service of the new Bolshevik regime. It seemed to promise just the sort of break
into a new world, and sweeping away of the old, that they had been working for in art for years. They produced political posters, organized street pageants
and fairs, and, most notably, carried out the design of the country's great public spaces for anniversary celebrations of the Revolution.
Caught up in the new regime's emphasis on the importance of industrial power, they began to bring to composition a sense of the rationality
and technological focus of industrial work and design. Constructivism, as this style is known, continued to evolve into the late 1920s,
when the conservatism of the Stalinist state renounced the Avant-Garde in favor of Soviet Realism. Many of the prominent artists of the earlier schools
played a central role in Constructivism, especially Tatlin. Other well-known artists of the Constructivist movement include Alexander Rodchenko,
Varvara Stepanova, and Liubov Popova.
Repudiated by the Stalinist government and neglected in the west, the Russian Avant-Garde has only recently received the attention it deserves.
The Russian Museum in St. Petersburg possesses the finest collection of its work.
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